Most young people will feel low from time to time, and this is a natural reaction to experiences that are stressful or difficult to handle. However, for about one in twenty young people, these low feelings can persist and become depression, leading to feelings of deep despair. Depression can range from mild forms, where the young person will struggle on, to being overwhelmed by feelings of hopelessness and thoughts of suicide.

There may not be an obvious reason for depression to develop, but young people are sensitive to what is going on around them at home, or at school or work. Common triggers can include: moving home, entering care, family trauma such as bereavement or parental break-up, abuse, being bullied or stress about exams. Depression often runs in families and so there may be a genetic link.

Signs of depression may include:

• lower energy levels, feeling tired, bored, with little interest in going out
• becoming withdrawn
• not looking after themselves
• feeling sad and crying more often
• lack of concentration and loss of interest in hobbies or school work
• poor sleep, bad dreams and not wanting to get out of bed
• appetite problems with significant increases or decreases in weight.

Young people who are depressed may also complain of physical problems, like headaches or stomach aches, that do not appear to have an obvious cause. If a young person has some or most of these signs over a period of two to three weeks, it may mean that they are depressed.

Healthy eating, exercise and avoiding alcohol or drug misuse may help to alleviate depression.

Sometimes young people who are very depressed may be preoccupied with thoughts of death or suicide, or attempt to harm or kill themselves. If a young person talks about suicide, this should always be taken seriously. The risk of suicide is higher if a young person has made previous suicide attempts or has a relative or friend who has attempted it.

It may be appropriate to encourage young people to talk to someone anonymously through Childline, Careline, Breathing Space or The Samaritans.